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General anaesthesia
The procedure to inject the investigational therapy into the spinal cord will be made under general anaesthesia. A person under general anaesthesia will not move, feel pain, or remember anything about the procedure. Doctors use a special anaesthetic medicine to induce this deep sleep state. The study team monitors the patient closely until the procedure is complete and the patient wakes up naturally a few minutes later.
AS symptoms
The symptoms of AS are wide ranging and vary for each individual. This is reflected in the wide range of measurements that will be used in this study. These measurements will help us understand the impact of the investigational therapy on symptoms relating to seizures, sleep disruption, anxiety and aggression.
Antibody
Antibodies are created by cells of the immune system and are carried around the body by blood and lymph. They stick, for example, to cells or parts of cells in an individual’s body to determine if the cells are good or bad. Antibodies that stick to bacteria and viruses, which cause infections, help the body to destroy the bacteria and viruses, protecting the body against infection. Certain types of antibodies (called monoclonal antibodies), made in the laboratory instead of the body, can detect bad cells in the body such as cancer cells and help to destroy them.
Antibodies
Antibodies are created by cells of the immune system and are carried around the body by blood and lymph. They stick, for example, to cells or parts of cells in an individual’s body to determine if the cells are good or bad. Antibodies that stick to bacteria and viruses, which cause infections, help the body to destroy the bacteria and viruses, protecting the body against infection. Certain types of antibodies (called monoclonal antibodies), made in the laboratory instead of the body, can detect bad cells in the body such as cancer cells and help to destroy them.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects airways or bronchial tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. It causes the airways to narrow, swell and produce extra mucus, which in turn makes it more difficult to breathe. The narrowing of the airways causes a feeling of shortness of breath or coughing fits.
Autoimmune disease
Autoimmune disease is a group of diseases where the immune system of an organism attacks it's own healthy cells or structures in the body. Autoimmune diseases can affect different parts of the body such as the gut (for example Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), the joints (for example rheumatoid arthritis) or the skin (for example psoriasis). Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Bone marrow transplant
Bone marrow transplant is a medical process where a person gets new healthy stem cells. These new cells replace damaged ones. The damaged cells may be due to health conditions, treatments, or radiation. The new cells can be from the person's own body. In other cases, it can be from their twin or another person.
Bypassing agent
Bypassing agent is a medicine used to treat people with bleeding disorders where the blood doesn't clot properly (like haemophilia). Bypassing agents help stop bleeding in situations where the usual clotting proteins are not doing their job. They work by creating a detour around the problem in the blood clotting process.
Carrier
A carrier is a person who carries a genetic change, such as a mutation or faulty gene, that can cause a disease. However, carriers themselves may not show any symptoms or develop the disease associated with the genetic change. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: genetic, gene
Checkpoint inhibitors
Checkpoint inhibitors are medicines that "release the brakes" on the immune system. They work by blocking these checkpoints, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Chronic metabolic diseases
Chronic metabolic diseases is a group of diseases that can disrupt metabolism, which is the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level. Some examples are obesity, diabetes, liver diseases and high blood pressure. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: metabolism
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A term that describes a group of lung diseases including emphysema (the destruction of lung tissue that allows people to breathe), chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs) and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. These conditions are life-long.
COPD
A term that describes a group of lung diseases including emphysema (the destruction of lung tissue that allows people to breathe), chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes that carry air to and from the lungs) and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. These conditions are life-long.
Corticosteroids
A steroid hormone that can be made by the body or in a laboratory. Corticosteroids have many different effects in the body, and are used to treat many different conditions. They may be used as hormone replacement, to suppress the immune system, and to treat some side effects of cancer and its treatment.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of health conditions that cause a person's blood sugar to become too high. This happens when the body does not make enough insulin or does not respond to insulin the way it should. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: insulin
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of lymphoma. It affects a type of immune cell called B cells. It often starts in lymphoid tissues and can spread to other organs. The cells look bigger than other cancers when seen under a microscope. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune
Dry age-related macular degeneration
Dry age-related macular degeneration is the most common form of age-related macular degeneration, occurring in around nine out of ten patients. It is caused by the layers of the macula, in the back of the eye, slowly becoming thinner as old cells die without being replaced by the body. This causes the macula to gradually stop working properly with vision in the centre of the eye slowly being lost.
ER-positive
"ER-positive" or "ER+" means that some types of cancer cells have more oestrogen receptors on their surface than usual. These receptors can make the cancer cells grow. In particular, when it comes to the hormone called oestrogen, checking how many receptors there are on the cancer cells can help doctors decide on the best treatment for the patient. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone, oestrogen receptors
ER+
"ER-positive" or "ER+" means that some types of cancer cells have more oestrogen receptors on their surface than usual. These receptors can make the cancer cells grow. In particular, when it comes to the hormone called oestrogen, checking how many receptors there are on the cancer cells can help doctors decide on the best treatment for the patient. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone, oestrogen receptors
PR-positive
"PR-positive" or "PR+" means that some types of cancer cells have more progesterone receptors on their surface than usual. These receptors can make the cancer cells grow. In particular, when it comes to the hormone called progesterone, checking how many receptors there are on the cancer cells can help doctors decide on the best treatment for the patient. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone, progesterone receptors
PR+
"PR-positive" or "PR+" means that some types of cancer cells have more progesterone receptors on their surface than usual. These receptors can make the cancer cells grow. In particular, when it comes to the hormone called progesterone, checking how many receptors there are on the cancer cells can help doctors decide on the best treatment for the patient. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone, progesterone receptors
European Medicines Agency
European Union agency whose role is to protect and promote public health by overseeing the use of medicinal products in Europe Union member states. The EMA’s scientific committees review the evidence from clinical trials and make a recommendation on whether a medicine should be made available for the treatment of a particular disease. The decision is based upon several factors, including how well the medicine works and how safe the medicine is.
EMA
European Union agency whose role is to protect and promote public health by overseeing the use of medicinal products in Europe Union member states. The EMA’s scientific committees review the evidence from clinical trials and make a recommendation on whether a medicine should be made available for the treatment of a particular disease. The decision is based upon several factors, including how well the medicine works and how safe the medicine is.
Factor 8/9
Also known as factor VIII/IX. Haemophilia is caused by an alteration (a defect or change) in a person’s genes. People with haemophilia A have a defect in a gene called factor 8 and people with haemophilia B have a defect in a gene called factor 9. In both cases, the affected gene is either missing or does not work.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medicines, and certain medical conditions can all cause hepatitis. However, hepatitis is often caused by a virus. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: virus
HER2
HER2, also known as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, is a protein involved in normal cell growth. It can be made in larger than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast cancer, and cause cancer cells to grow more quickly. Checking the amount of HER2 on some types of cancer cells may help to plan treatment.
HER2+
Also known as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. HER2 is a protein involved in normal cell growth. It can be made in larger than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast cancer, and cause cancer cells to grow more quickly. When cancers have more HER2 than normal, they are called ‘HER2-positive’ or ‘HER2+’. Checking the amount of HER2 on some types of cancer cells may help to plan treatment.
HER2-positive
Also known as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. HER2 is a protein involved in normal cell growth. It can be made in larger than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast cancer, and cause cancer cells to grow more quickly. When cancers have more HER2 than normal, they are called ‘HER2-positive’ or ‘HER2+’. Checking the amount of HER2 on some types of cancer cells may help to plan treatment.
Host cell
The human body is made up of cells. Sometimes, a virus or germs enter and live in one of these cells. This cell then acts like a house for the virus or germ by providing shelter and food. The virus also uses the host cell to make more of itself. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: virus
IBD
A condition that causes inflammation of the digestive system. Inflammation is the body’s reaction to an injury, infection or irritation and can cause redness, swelling and pain. There are two common types of IBD, which are called Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. While these can have the same symptoms, they can affect different parts of the digestive system.
Influenza virus
Influenza virus is a virus that causes the flu, a sickness that can make a person feel feverish, achy, and unwell. There are two main types of human flu viruses: types A and B. The flu A and B viruses that routinely spread in people are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics each year. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: virus
Intravenous infusion
An intravenous infusion is where medicine is given directly into the bloodstream over time in a controlled, steady manner. This is usually done in a clinic as it involves a plastic tube inserted into a vein so that the amount and speed of the medicine can be carefully controlled by a healthcare professional over a period of time.
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis is a health condition in which the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord. This leads to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration
A form of age-related macular degeneration that can cause a patient to lose their eyesight very quickly, sometimes within a few weeks. This is caused by unhealthy blood vessels growing under the macula (part of the retina at the back of the eye) where they would not normally grow. The new unhealthy vessels can cause swelling and bleeding under the macula causing scarring and loss of vision.
Wet age-related macular degeneration
A form of age-related macular degeneration that can cause a patient to lose their eyesight very quickly, sometimes within a few weeks. This is caused by unhealthy blood vessels growing under the macula (part of the retina at the back of the eye) where they would not normally grow. The new unhealthy vessels can cause swelling and bleeding under the macula causing scarring and loss of vision.
Neuromuscular disorders
Neuromuscular disorders are a group of rare conditions that affect different parts of the neuromuscular system. These conditions impact muscles, nerves in the peripheral nervous system (arms and legs), nerves in the central nervous system (spinal cord), and the neuromuscular junction where nerves and muscles meet. The majority of neuromuscular diseases are caused by genetic changes. Some of these conditions can be inherited from family members, while others result from non-inherited genetic changes, unusual immune system responses, or unknown causes.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
A type of cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help protect the body from infection. Lymphocytes become abnormal and are unable to fight infections. The abnormal lymphocytes tend to collect in the lymph nodes and spleen, causing them to swell and form cancerous tumours.
NHL
A type of cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help protect the body from infection. Lymphocytes become abnormal and are unable to fight infections. The abnormal lymphocytes tend to collect in the lymph nodes and spleen, causing them to swell and form cancerous tumours.
Progesterone receptor
Progesterone receptors are like little proteins found on certain cells in the female reproductive tissue, as well as some other types of tissue and cancer cells. These receptors can be like little "locks" that the progesterone receptors can "unlock" and cause the cells to grow.
PR-positive PR+
"PR-positive" or "PR+" means that some types of cancer cells have more progesterone receptors on their surface than usual. These receptors can make the cancer cells grow. In particular, when it comes to the hormone called progesterone, checking how many receptors there are on the cancer cells can help doctors decide on the best treatment for the patient. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone, progesterone receptors
Sickle cell anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic condition where red blood cells have different shapes. These cells are like sickles or crescent moons instead of being round. These unusual blood cells can get stuck in the blood vessels. This can cause pain and make it hard for the body to get enough oxygen.
Stem cell transplant
A stem cell transplant, also known as a bone marrow transplant, is a medical procedure where a patient receives healthy blood-forming cells, called stem cells. These stem cells are used to replace their own stem cells that have been damaged or destroyed by disease or high-dose treatments like radiation or chemotherapy.
Triple-negative breast cancer
A type of cancer where tumour cells do not have receptors for the hormones estrogen and progesterone or the protein HER2. This type of cancer cannot be treated with standard hormone treatment or targeted treatment. Patients would usually be given surgery or chemotherapy.
Ulcerative colitis
A condition that causes inflammation in the inner lining of the rectum and the lower colon. As well as inflammation, patients with ulcerative colitis can also develop ulcers on the lining of their colon that can bleed and produce mucus, resulting in diarrhoea (frequent loose stools or bowel movements) and bleeding from the rectum.
Acute myeloid leukaemia
Acute myeloid leukaemia is a blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood cells. In AML, the bone marrow produces too many immature and abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, which can crowd out the healthy blood cells. This can lead to symptoms like fatigue, infections, and bleeding problems. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: platelets
Motor neurons
What are motor neurons? Motor neurons are nerve cells that control muscle movement. Upper motor neurons send messages from the brain to the spinal cord, and lower motor neurons send messages from the spinal cord to the muscles. They form part of the neuromuscular system and are essential for day-to-day activities like breathing, holding your head up, walking and even holding a book.
Achievement of 20/40 or better Snellen vision
Achievement of 20/40 or better Snellen vision is when someone can see at 20 feet (6 metre) what a person with typical vision can see at 40 feet (12 metre). This is measured using an eye chart with letters on. Maintaining a vision of 20/40 or better is often the minimum requirement to keep a driving license in many countries, including the US, UK, and others.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a serious lung condition that happens when the lungs become inflamed, causing blood vessels to swell and leak fluid into the air sacs (alveoli). This prevents the lungs from working well. It also makes it hard to get oxygen into the blood. As a result, other vital organs can get damaged, such as the heart, kidneys, liver, or brain.
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands are two small organs in the body, which are located on top of each kidney. They are part of the complex endocrine system, which is network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormones, metabolism
Agranulocytosis
Agranulocytosis is a condition where a person has an extremely low number of granulocytes (a type of white blood cell), which are crucial for the body's immune system to fight infections. A big drop in the number of white blood cells in the body can weaken the immune system and put a person at higher risk of getting an infection. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Anaphylactic reaction
This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. It can happen seconds or minutes after being exposed to something the person is allergic to. Peanuts or bee stings are examples. In anaphylaxis, the immune system releases a flood of chemicals that can cause the body to go into shock.
Anaphylactoid reaction
This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. It can happen seconds or minutes after being exposed to something the person is allergic to. Peanuts or bee stings are examples. In anaphylaxis, the immune system releases a flood of chemicals that can cause the body to go into shock.
Anaphylactic shock
This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. It can happen seconds or minutes after being exposed to something the person is allergic to. Peanuts or bee stings are examples. In anaphylaxis, the immune system releases a flood of chemicals that can cause the body to go into shock.
Hypersensitivity
This is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction. It can happen seconds or minutes after being exposed to something the person is allergic to. Peanuts or bee stings are examples. In anaphylaxis, the immune system releases a flood of chemicals that can cause the body to go into shock.
B-cell
B-cells are a special type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in keeping the body healthy. They are part of the immune system. When harmful germs, such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites, try to invade the body, B-cells produce powerful proteins called antibodies to protect the body. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system, antibodies
B-cell depletion
B-cell depletion is a type of therapy that helps people with certain diseases. The goal of this therapy is to remove harmful B cells in the body that can cause cancer or autoimmune diseases. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: B cells, autoimmune diseases
Biomarker
A biomarker is a measurable indicator or sign that can be found in blood, tissue, or bodily fluids. Biomarkers are often used to help choose the best treatment for patients. These biomarkers can be proteins, hormones, genes, or gene mutations. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormones, genes, gene mutations
Biomarker testing
Biomarker testing is a special kind of test that helps doctors find the most effective medicines for treating different types of cancer. During this test, the doctor takes a small sample of the cancer from the blood, bodily fluids, or tissue taken during surgery or biopsy. By analysing this sample, the test results can give the doctor important information to choose the best treatment options for the specific type of cancer a person has.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease caused by inflammation in the lungs that causes breathing problems and damage to the lungs, and gets worse over time. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: Chronic, obstructive, pulmonary
Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a health condition where there is too much cortisol in the body. This can be caused by taking medicines known as steroids for a long time. It can lead to a rounded (moon-shaped) face and other health conditions. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: cortisol, steroids
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE)
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is lupus affecting the skin. In this autoimmune disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: autoimmune disease, immune system
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS)
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) happens when the immune system reacts in an unusual way to an infection or cancer immunotherapy. During this reaction, substances called cytokines are released into the body. This can cause a variety of symptoms, such as a fever, nausea, headache, and rash. The person can also have a fast heartbeat, low blood pressure, and trouble breathing. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system, immunotherapy, cytokines
De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome
De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome is a strong response inside the body associated with the use of medicines called de novo purine synthesis inhibitors. These medicines stop the body from creating certain materials called purines. It is not very common but can make a person feel sick. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: inhibitors
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is a health condition where the body produces too much urine and is not able to keep water in the body. This is caused by a problem with a material called antidiuretic hormone. Either the body does not make enough of this material or the kidneys do not use it properly. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a group of health conditions that cause a person's blood sugar to become too high. This happens when the body does not make enough insulin or does not respond to insulin the way it should. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: insulin
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a health condition that can happen in people with diabetes. It happens when the body does not have enough insulin to use sugar for energy. Instead, the body breaks down fat for energy. This causes the body to release substances called ketones. Too many ketones cause the blood to turn acidic. Diabetic ketoacidosis can be a life-threatening condition. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: diabetes, insulin
Double-blind study
Double-blind study is a study where nobody knows which treatment is being given – not the people in the study or the team running it. This is done to make sure that the results of the treatment are not affected by what people expected from the received treatment. After the study is finished, the people in the study can ask to find out which treatment they got.
Dry Age Related Macular Disease (nAMD)
Dry age-related macular degeneration is a condition where the central area at the back of the eye gets thinner with age. This causes the vision in the centre of the eye to become blurry. Note: see also definition of Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)
Electrolytes
Electrolytes are materials that have an electrical charge when they dissolve in fluids like blood or urine. Examples of electrolytes are sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Electrolytes are important for balancing fluids in the body, controlling the heart rhythm, and helping the nerves and muscles work properly.
ER-positive breast cancer
ER-positive breast cancer is a type of breast cancer that is influenced by oestrogen hormones. In the cells of this cancer, there are proteins called oestrogen receptors (ER) that interact with the hormone oestrogen. When oestrogen binds to these receptors, it can signal the cancer cells to grow. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone
Febrile neutropenia
Febrile neutropenia is a complication that can happen when a person with a weakened immune system develops a fever, often as a result of a treatment. Febrile neutropenia occurs when neutrophil levels drop significantly, impacting the body's ability to fight off germs. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: neutrophil
Genetic testing
Genetic testing is the process of analysing cells or tissue to look for changes in genes that may be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer. These changes may also be a sign that a person has an increased risk of developing a specific disease or condition. Genetic testing may be done on tumour tissue to help diagnose cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: gene
Genome testing
Genetic testing is the process of analysing cells or tissue to look for changes in genes that may be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer. These changes may also be a sign that a person has an increased risk of developing a specific disease or condition. Genetic testing may be done on tumour tissue to help diagnose cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: gene
Geographic atrophy (GA)
Geographic atrophy (GA) is the late stage of a health condition called dry age-related macular degeneration. In this health condition the central area at the back of the eye gets thinner with age. This causes the vision in the centre of the eye to become blurry. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: age-related macular degeneration
Glucose tolerance impaired
Glucose tolerance impaired is when there is a high level of sugar in the blood but it is not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. People with impaired glucose tolerance are at risk of developing diabetes and heart disease. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: diabetes
Haemolytic anaemia
Haemolytic anaemia is a type of anaemia where the body doesn't have enough red blood cells because they break down too quickly. When red blood cells break down too fast, it can lead to symptoms like fatigue, paleness, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and sometimes an enlarged spleen. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: anaemia
Haemophilia
Haemophilia is a health condition where the blood does not clot as it should. People with haemophilia don't have enough of a select protein, such as factor 8 (in the case of haemophilia A) or factor 9 (in the case of haemophilia B). This makes them bleed for a longer time after they get a cut or injury. People with haemophilia also experience spontaneous bleeding in joints or muscles, which can be painful and destructive. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: factor 8, factor 9
Haemophilia A
Haemophilia A is a health condition where the blood doesn't clot as it should. People with haemophilia A don't have enough of a select protein, called factor 8. This makes them bleed for a longer time after they get a cut or injury. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: factor 8
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Some people with hepatitis B are sick for only a few weeks (known as “acute” infection), but for others, the disease progresses to a serious, lifelong illness known as chronic hepatitis B. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hepatitis B virus, acute
HER2+ HER2-positive
´HER2-positive’ or ‘HER2+’ means that cancer cells have more HER2 than normal, they are called ‘HER2-positive’ or ‘HER2+’. Checking the amount of HER2 on some types of cancer cells may help to plan treatment. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: HER2
Herpes zoster
Herpes zoster is an infection caused by a zoster virus that results in a painful rash with blisters, often on one side of the body. It is also called shingles. It usually happens to older people who had chickenpox when they were younger. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: virus
Hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer
Hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the breast. It is made up of cells that have hormone receptors but not HER2. These cells grow quickly because of the hormones. Some of these hormone are oestrogen and progesterone.
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is a health condition where the thyroid gland is too active. It makes too much of a material, called thyroid hormone. It can cause weight loss, mood swings, and tiredness. It can also lead to sleeping troubles, shaky hands, and a fast heartbeat. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: thyroid gland, hormone
Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a health condition where a part of the body, called thyroid gland is not active enough. It makes less thyroid hormone than needed. It can cause weight gain, low moods, and tiredness. It can also lead to a puffy face, joint pain, and other symptoms. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: thyroid gland, hormone
Immune thrombocytopenia
Immune thrombocytopenia is a condition where the immune system attacks and destroys it's own platelets. This can lead to excessive bleeding or bruising even when a person gets minor bumps or cuts. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system, platelets
Ischaemic retinal vein occlusion (Ischaemic RVO)
Ischaemic retinal vein occlusion (Ischaemic RVO) is a more serious form of RVO where there is inadequate blood supply to the retina, with substantial damage. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: retinal vein occlusion, RVO, retina
Jarisch-herxheimer reaction
Jarisch-herxheimer reaction is a short-term health condition that can happen to people who are treated with medicine for certain bacteria. These bacteria are called spirochetes and can cause diseases like syphilis and Lyme disease. The reaction occurs because the medicine kills the bacteria suddenly, which can make the body become inflamed.
Ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis is a health condition caused by not eating enough for a long time or from untreated diabetes. Under these conditions, the body uses fat and protein to make energy which results in the production of too much ketones. This can lead to symptoms like pain in the belly, rapid breathing, vomiting, and weakness.
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a protein found in various tissues of the body, including the heart, liver, muscles, and red blood cells. LDH plays a crucial role in the conversion of glucose into energy. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: glucose
Lupus-like syndrome
Lupus-like syndrome is a condition in which the body behaves similarly to lupus, an autoimmune disease. In this syndrome caused by certain prescription medicines, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs, leading to various symptoms. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: autoimmune disease, immune system
Lymphoproliferative disorder
Lymphoproliferative disorder is a group of health conditions where the body produces too many lymphocytes. This can cause the immune system to become imbalanced and may lead to health problems. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: lymphocytes, immune system
Mantle cell lymphoma (MSL)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MSL) is a rare type of cancer that affects a type of immune cell called B cells. These special cells usually help the body fight off infections, but in MCL, they become abnormal. Instead of fighting infections, these abnormal cells start to collect in the lymph nodes and spleen, causing them to become swollen. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune, B cells
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis is when too much acid is produced in the body. It can be caused by diabetes or not drinking enough water. It can also be due to the loss of a material called bicarbonate in the body or kidneys. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: diabetes
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)
Neovascular (or wet) age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a medical condition where unhealthy blood vessels grow in the central area at the back of the eye. These vessels cause swelling and bleeding at the back of the eye. This can lead to vision loss. There are two types called wet and dry. The wet type gets worse more quickly than the dry type.
Next-generation type 2 anti-CD20 antibody
Anti-CD20 antibody is a protein that can attach to another molecule called CD20 on the outside of certain cells in the body. This causes the cell to break down and die. Next-generation means that this product is based on the latest technology and is replacing an already existing product.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. This includes a diverse group of lymphomas with different characteristics and behaviours. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: lymphatic system, immune system
Non-ischaemic retinal vein occlusion (Non-ischaemic RVO)
Non-ischaemic retinal vein occlusion (Non-ischaemic RVO) is a less serious form of RVO where there remains adequate blood supply to the retina, associated with better outcomes. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: retinal vein occlusion, RVO, retina
Oral herpes
Oral herpes, also known as a cold sore, is a small, painful red swelling on the lip or around the mouth. It is caused by herpes simplex virus 1 or HSV-1. This virus is easily passed from person to person. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: virus
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, which are small glands located near the thyroid gland in the neck. PTH plays a vital role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: hormone
Precision medicine
Precision medicine is a special kind of medicine that uses information about a person's genes or proteins to help prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases. In cancer, precision medicine uses specific information about a person's tumour. This helps doctors figure out what type of cancer it is, plan the best treatment, and see if the treatment is working well. It can also help predict how the person might do in the future. It's like using personalized information to make the best decisions for each person's health. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: gene
Primary IgA nephropathy
Primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a kidney disease characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the healthy cells in the kidneys. In IgAN, the immune system produces abnormal antibodies called IgA that deposit in the kidneys. This leads to inflammation and damage to the kidney tissue over time. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system, antibodies
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is blockage in a small blood vessel that carries blood away from the back of the eye. This can cause blurry vision or vision loss. Depending on the degree of blockage and blood supply restriction, RVO can be further subclassified as Ischaemic RVO or Non-ischaemic RVO. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: Ischaemic RVO, Non-ischaemic RVO
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is when the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye gets pulled away. This is because of a tear in the retina. The vitreous then gets behind it and pushes it away from where it should be. If retinal detachment isn't treated quickly it can cause someone to lose their vision. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: retina, vitreous
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and inflammatory condition, which means that the immune system attacks healthy cells in the body by mistake. It causes painful swelling in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Steroid sparing treatment
Steroid-sparing treatments are medicines that aim to reduce or minimize the use of steroids in managing certain health conditions. Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are medicines that are commonly used to reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, and help the body's natural defence against sickness, however they cause significant long term side effects. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Stevens-johnson syndrome
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare, serious condition of the skin and mucous membranes. It's usually a reaction to medicines that starts with flu-like symptoms, followed by a painful rash that spreads and blisters. Then the top layer of affected skin dies, sheds and begins to heal after several days.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type of disease called lupus. It happens when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and damage in different parts of the body. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: immune system
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare and serious blood condition where small blood clots form in the body. This can lead to low platelet levels and cause problems like bruising, bleeding, and damage to organs. Note: the following terms may require additional clarification in lay language: platelet
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a specific type of breast cancer where the tumour cells do not have special "receptors" for certain hormones or proteins. In TNBC, the tumour cells do not have receptors for the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, as well as the protein called HER2.
Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a health issue that causes inflammation in the inside layer of some parts of the bowel. It often affects the rectum and the lower colon. It can cause bleeding sores or mucus to form. This leads to frequent loose stools or bowel movements and bleeding from the rectum.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a protein that helps create new blood vessels in the body. In certain health conditions, like cancer, too much VEGF can cause unusual blood vessel growth, which can fuel the growth and spread of tumours. Some eye problems are also linked to VEGF.
Vasculitis
Vasculitis is a group of diseases where the blood vessels in the body become inflamed. This means that they become swollen and irritated. When this happens, the walls of the blood vessels can thicken, which makes the passageway for blood narrower. If blood flow is restricted, it can lead to damage in organs and tissues. Vasculitis comes in many types, and most of them are rare.
Wet Age Related Macular Disease (nAMD)
Wet age-related macular degeneration is a condition where the central area at the back of the eye gets thinner with age. This causes the vision in the centre of the eye to become blurry. Note: see also definition of Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD)